Unfortunately, within a school the selection of children as “feeders” (receiving milk) or “controls” (not receiving milk) was left to the principal of the school. This took place over 4 months in 1930 in Lanarkshire, Scotland, and was intended to compare the growth of schoolchildren given raw milk, pasteurized milk, or no milk. Sometimes, it is thought that it is possible to improve on a random allocation by altering the allocation to make it “fairer.” An example of the disaster that this can cause is provided by the famous Lanarkshire milk experiment. Indeed, it is preferable that the experimenters and subjects do not actually know what the drug allocation was so as to avoid any biases in the measurement of responses to the drugs. If nothing else, this type of random allocation avoids the possibility of any bias, conscious or unconscious, on the part of the experimenters in the allocation of the different drugs. However, there would be concern about that allocation because, for example, drug A will always be assigned to patients enrolled into the study at an early date, and it is conceivable that these patients might have something unusual about them in terms of their response to the drugs. It would obviously be possible to allocate out the five drugs systematically to the subjects in each age–gender group, with the first two subjects receiving drug A, the next two receiving drug B, etc. Table I lists the subjects in the four age–gender groups within each group the order is based on the date of enrollment into the study.
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A The random values are uniform random numbers between 0 and 1.